Many deny Confucianism the right to be called a religion. Indeed, everything associated with religion–tales of God or gods, spirits, the posthumous fate of the soul and the afterlife–is marginalized in the discourse of Confucius, who was more concerned with moral and social issues.

However, when we consider the heritage of Confucius as a whole, it is not correct to interpret these texts as denying religiosity in general. Confucius spoke little about religious things, not because he denied or ignored them, but largely because this was an area he felt least in need of correction.

Confucius did not begin his teaching from a blank sheet of paper; on the contrary, he emphasized that he preached wisdom from antiquity. So he was quite receptive to that complex of religious beliefs that had come down to him from his ancestors. Three elements can be distinguished in these beliefs: from ancient times, the Chinese worshipped Heaven (Tian), worshipped spirits, and worshipped the souls of dead ancestors.

The oldest Chinese inscriptions preserved on divination bones contain references to Shan-di, “the Supreme Lord”. That’s how the Chinese called the most important God on whom everything in the world depended, but besides him they recognized the existence of lower gods and spirits who, like people, were subject to Shang-di’s will.

Also the Chinese from antiquity used the notion of Tian (“heaven”) when speaking of the supreme God[2]. Some scholars suggest that Shang-di referred to a personal god and Heaven to an impersonal divine power, but texts often use both concepts as synonyms. In later times the name “Heaven” begins to be used much more frequently than “Shang-di”.

Two notions are closely connected with Heaven in China: min (the will of Heaven) and tyang-min (the right to reign granted by Heaven). Through min and tyang-min Heaven acts in the world of men. Everything that happens in a person’s life – health, sickness, wealth, poverty, etc. – is done according to min. A virtuous ruler receives a min-min and his reign runs well, but if he or one of his successors becomes corrupt and stops taking care of his subjects, then he loses his min-min, the country is in turmoil, and he is overthrown.

Among the lower deities, the spirit of the Earth was especially revered, and there were altars dedicated to it in the courts of rulers and in every village. It was often prayed to for a successful harvest. Other especially worshipped spirits also had capitals or altars.

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So, in this Eastern country, more than eighty and a half percent of the entire population is a follower of Hinduism. India is one of only three countries in which Hinduism is a major religion. It also includes Nepal and Mauritania. It is a very ancient religion. Its history goes back thousands of years. The first mention of Hinduism can be found in the writings of the Harappan (Indian) civilization, which dates back to 5500-2600 BC. Its prototype are the Vedas, which were dedicated to the demigods Indra – the king of all gods, Varuna – the guardian of justice, as well as the god of world waters, and Agni – the god of fire. The main feature of Hinduism at that time was the sacrifice and repetition of mantras.

The spread of religion throughout India was facilitated by the emergence of Buddhism and other religions that today form such a rich Indian culture.

Throughout its long period of existence, Hinduism has absorbed many different traditions and philosophies. At times they even contradict each other. Thus, despite the fact that Hinduism, like all Indian religions, has many gods, it still has the idea of one supreme deity who represents a single divine conduction.

The primary goal of all followers of this religion is to reconnect with this very power. To this end, Hindus meditate, participate in various rituals or yoga classes. In addition to the many gods in Hinduism, there is also the concept of demons. And they have many demons – millions of demons that also have flesh and gender. In order to seduce righteous Hindus, they may take the form of attractive people, even though they are actually quite ugly, according to Hinduism.

Nevertheless, it is still possible to distinguish basic traits and beliefs in Hinduism. For example, absolutely all Hindus believe in karma and reincarnation. There is also the doctrine of the two afterworlds in Hinduism: sansara and the exit from it. But, by its very nature, sansara is another way of calling reincarnation, as it is the transition of the soul from one body to another. The exit from samsara in Hindi is also called moksha. Moksha is the process of the soul merging without sin with a higher divine power.

To study its many traditions and rituals, one must visit India, a country where this religion is widespread.

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Title
Islam is the religion that reflects in its name the meaning of the message. It is possible to meet sometimes in some texts and analogue in the form of “Mohammedanism”, invented on behalf of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). But in the Holy Book, and by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), this religion is referred to as “Islam.

How is the word Islam translated? In Arabic it means “submitting oneself to God. And from this comes the word “Muslim. That is, it is someone who has “surrendered himself to the service of God.” Allah Almighty approves of this particular form of service to Him. The Qur’an says: “Today I have perfected your religion for your sakes and finished My mercy upon you and approved Islam as your religion” (sura al-Maida, The Supper, ayat 5).

Another ayat of the Holy Book also says: “From him who seeks a religion other than Islam, it will never be accepted, and in the Last Life he will be among the losers” (surah “al Imran”, “The Family of Imran”, ayat 85)

Worship
The Creator Another feature of Islam is that the object of worship is the Creator. Not an animal, not a person, not an idea, not a group of people, not a spirit or any other creature, but the Creator Himself. The worship of the One Creator is the call sent down in the Qur’an:

“Apart from Him you worship only the names that you and your fathers invented. Allah has not sent down any proof for them. Allah alone decides. He has commanded that you worship none but Him. This is the right faith, but most people don’t know it” (Surah Yusuf, ayat 40).

Universality
The basic idea of Islam is monotheism and doing the will of the Most High. Wherever and whenever one recognizes that God is one and is the creator of all things, one becomes on the path of Islam. It is enough to reject the service of creatures and recognize the worthy service of the one God.

It should also be noted that for sincere service to the Most High man must not only distinguish between good and evil, but also make a choice between the two. Such freedom of will, granted by the Almighty, also implies responsibility for the choice made. Thus, the Almighty says in the Qur’an: “Verily, believers, as well as Jews, Christians, and Sabaeans, who believe in Allah and the Last Day and act righteously, have a reward with their Lord.

Natural inclination to it.
As the religious texts say, every person is naturally inclined toward monotheism from birth. Thus, in surah “al-A’raf” (“Obstacles”), Allah Almighty says:

“Behold, your Lord took out of the loins of the sons of Adam their offspring and made them testify against themselves: “Am I not your Lord?” They said, “Yes, we testify.”

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A God who is devoid of personality traits and free will is called a “philosophical God” and belongs to philosophy, not religion. The philosophical God and the religious God only have a name in common. The philosophical God cannot act as he pleases, cannot do as he wishes. Moreover, he cannot wish at all, much less arbitrarily (i.e., voluntarily) follow his will.

As a consequence, the philosophical God is not subject to a cult. A cult presupposes that God can be influenced (by sacrifices, prayers, other rites), but an impersonal God cannot be influenced. The cult of the philosophical God makes no sense: what is the point of praying and asking God for forgiveness if he will not hear anyway, if he cannot hear or respond to our pleas at all? In antiquity, Aristotle’s God and Plotinus’ God were philosophical.

Unlike ancient philosophy, Christianity does not boast of diversity. Throughout its history, it has created one single picture of the world, although it cannot be said that this picture is the same for all Christian thinkers. The uniqueness of the Christian picture is certainly not a drawback. Christianity is a religion, not a philosophy, and it would be ridiculous if it changed its picture like a glove.

Christian doctrine is the product of a long historical development. Even if we accept that it is already contained in the sacred books of Christians (the Holy Scriptures), it took a great deal of effort and time before it was brought to light and found a more or less coherent form. And the multitude of Christian heresies proves that Scripture allows for different and often contradictory interpretations, so it cannot be said that Christian teaching derives unambiguously from its primary sources.

Sacred Scripture is also called the Bible (Greek: Books) and consists of the books of the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Christians inherited the books of the Old Testament from the Jews; the books of the New Testament were written by themselves. The main content of the Old Testament is the creation of the world and the history of the Jewish people, the main content of the New Testament is the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. In its fullest form, the life and teachings of Christ are set forth in books called the Gospels (translated from the Greek as “good news”). The composition of the New Testament was not formed immediately, but in the course of a long and careful selection, which was completed only by the end of the second century. The books included in the New Testament are called “canonical” (from the Greek “canon” – rule, model), all other works of early Christians are “apocryphal” (from the Greek “apocryphos” – secret).

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Buddhism is more of a philosophy aimed at working on yourself and your consciousness than a religion. The main distinguishing feature of Buddhism is that it is not imposed or advertised to anyone – you have to come to it yourself in search of answers to your life questions.

Minimalism
Over time, you will begin to realize that things are not so important to happiness, that you can do with a minimum set of household items for a comfortable life.

You will no longer chase after new gadgets imposed by advertising, you will realize that even with the old and already native smartphone or laptop is quite comfortable. This will manifest itself in everything from going out to eat to shopping for clothes. You will get rid of this modern disease: stuffiness.

Tolerance
You will become much more tolerant of everything that happens in the world, including people who do not share your views on life.

Every time you interact with a person you will understand that all people are different and everyone has their own way to happiness, even if it seems quite crazy to you. After all, all religions say the same thing, just in different languages.

Healthy Lifestyle
As a consequence of studying the philosophy of Buddhism, you will gradually realize how good it is to have a healthy way of thinking, and without a healthy lifestyle it is impossible.

You will study all your bad habits and start to get rid of them, because this way you will be freer and therefore much happier. You will realize that alcohol and other intoxicating substances have a detrimental effect on your consciousness, it becomes clouded and doesn’t belong to you under their influence, and this harms your constant work on yourself.

Meditation
In Buddhism, meditation is one of the main tools for keeping your mind clear and finding your “self”. You will learn to meditate, even if it seems strange at first. Then it will become a useful habit.

Flexibility
Buddhism teaches you to be flexible and not to go to extremes in your beliefs. All our ideas of what is good and what is bad are born of subjective perception. There is no black and white – everything is relative.

The closest you can come to conscious actions is when you detach yourself from your subjective views and selfish intentions. Decisions will be made not under the influence of emotions, but by constructing logical chains. Of course, they may be wrong too, but we are all here to learn.

Humanity
You can help not only your loved ones, but also other people, those who are in need. You will become more sympathetic to those whom you did not notice or did not want to notice before.

A kind attitude toward others is the way to yourself, to the purification of consciousness. You won’t need gratitude, you will help others simply because you have to, no other way, “who else but me.

Serenity
You will become as calm as an elephant, stop grumbling and worrying about nothing. Some people will be stressed by your calmness, people are used to pouring everything out, but you just won’t have anything to pour out, because you are “empty. You will be calm with other people, with yourself, with your problems. After all, everything is relative, you just need to look at what is happening from a different angle.

Personal life
There will also be metamorphoses in your personal life. Your understanding of your partner will improve, you will learn to better care for a loved one and appreciate him more.

Uncommon knowledge
If you didn’t know about reincarnation, mantras and samsara before, Buddhism will expand your knowledge and thesaurus.

You will start to accept some things within yourself, even though you used to think that this was nothing. You will especially like the idea of human rebirth (reincarnation): in the next life you could very well become an astronaut or a baobab, and it depends on how you live that life.

Personal Growth
The wheel of your personal qualities, thanks to the Buddhist approach, will begin to unwind with new force: you will become more disciplined, calm, responsible, observant. The growth will occur evenly, without obvious distortions.

You’ll notice that you’re getting better as a person, and other people will notice it. You will become more aware of your reality and control your relationship to events. Your inner strength and energy will grow day by day and your optimistic attitude will become your best ally on the way to success.

Buddhism is an ancient philosophy of searching for oneself, working on one’s mind and attitude toward life. It does not impose its rules and foundations. Even if you don’t accept everything Buddhism teaches (such as belief in reincarnation, samsara and karma), but only some of it, this knowledge can make your life better.

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The history of the emergence of Judaism is quite interesting not only for children, who begin to comprehend it from the very birth, but also for the common man. The name “Judaism” comes from the name of the tribe of Judah, the Jewish tribe. According to the Bible, this tribe is the most numerous of all Israel’s tribes. By the way, what is remarkable is that the separation of “Jew” (one who preaches Judaism) and “Jew” (nationality) occurs only in some Slavic languages. For the most part, people use the name “Jew” to refer to both a person of that faith and a Jew by nationality. Most “uninitiated” people who do not preach this faith believe that Judaism is a religion. However, if we examine the concept more broadly, it becomes clear that Judaism is not just a religion, but a specific set of ideas about life that Jews are guided by.

Judaism is about four thousand years old, incommensurably older than Christianity. By its type, Judaism is a monotheistic religion. This means that the religion has a founder. Many religious teachings are philosophical doctrines for their peoples that require interpretation. But Judaism differs from these religions in that it is the only valid law for its people.

The axiom for Jews is the observance of the Torah, the equivalent of the Bible. This book helps with prayers, talks about the various festivals and their celebration. In addition to those topics directly related to religion and faith, the teachings also talk about everyday topics. For example, about relationships, parenting, patterns of behavior, and many others.

At the heart of the Jewish law are six hundred and thirteen commandments, which tell about the rules of religion. They are roughly divided into two groups:

Those that prescribe anything. Two hundred and forty-eight commandments tell and prescribe a pattern of behavior for Jews.
Those that forbid anything. Three hundred and sixty-five commandments (as many as there are days in the year) that forbid anything for believers of this religion.

Judaism, the peculiarities of whose religion are astounding, conceals many interesting facts. Another point that simply cannot be avoided is the Sabbath. While in other religions the day off is Sunday, from the resurrection of Jesus, in Judaism the day off is Saturday. And the Sabbath begins on Friday evening, when Jews wish each other “Shabbat shalom,” which means “peaceful Sabbath,” and stop all work. Even turning the lights on and off, tying shoelaces and pushing the elevator button are meant by work. Therefore, the nation has devised many different devices that allow one to rest in comfort on Shabbat without having to do any work at all.

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